NIOSH Essays - National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health

NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety an Health Administration (OSHA) were established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act passed by congress in 1970. NIOSH is a part of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and is the only federally funded and controlled division responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work related illnesses and injuries. It is important to understand the OSHA and NIOSH are two separate agencies. OSHA is housed under the Department of Labor and is responsible for the development and enforcement of workplace health and safety regulations. NIOSH on the other hand is in the Department of Health and Human Services and is a research agency. NIOSH was created when the US Secretary of Labor was directed by congress through section 2B (5,6) of the OSH Act to "provide for research in the field of occupational safety and health, including the psychological involved, and by developing innovative methods, techniques, and approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems: by exploring ways to discover latent diseases, establishing causal connections between diseases and work and environmental conditions, and conducting other research relating to health problems, in recognition of the fact that occupational health standards present problems often different from those involved in occupational safety". During its 25 year history NIOSH has had its function revised two times, once in 1977 by amendment to the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act and in 1995 when the U.S. Bureau of Mine Health and Safety Research was consolidated and placed in NIOSH. These changes allowed NIOSH to play the same role in the mining industry that they played in all others. The duties and responsibilities of NIOSH are numerous but include: ? Investigating potentially hazardous working conditions as reported by employees or employers. ? Evaluate the hazards of new technologies and work practices. ? Researching, Creating and Evaluating methods for preventing disease, illness or injury in the workplace. ? Providing education and training to individuals preparing for or actively involved in the field of occupational safety and health. ? Recommend occupational safety and health standards to OSHA. Many of the efforts of NIOSH are targeted at anticipating workplace crisis and making sure that they do not come to pass. An example of one of these efforts is the many mine disaster that have been prevented as a result of the pillar system developed by NIOSH for longwall mining. Another example is the many health emergencies that have been avoided as a result of the NIOSH information hotline. As a federal agency NIOSH has given itself both a vision and a mission statement. It's vision is "Delivering on the Nations promise: safety and health at work for all people through research and prevention". The mission of NIOSH is to "provide national and world leadership to prevent work-related illness, injury and death by gathering information, conducting scientific studies and translating the knowledge gained into products and services". NIOSH has given itself four strategic goals for the next decade. The first goal is to "conduct a targeted program of research to reduce morbidity, injuries and mortality among workers in high priority areas and high-risk sectors". In order to accomplish goal number one NIOSH will follow NORA or the National Occupational Research Agenda. NORA breaks NIOSH research down into 3 distinct areas, disease and injury, work environment/workforce and research tools and approaches. Each of the three areas has specific areas of research that will be targeted. The following is a brief list of the targeted research areas: Disease and Injury Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis Hearing Loss Low Back Disorders Cumulative Trauma Disorders Work Environment Emerging Technologies And Workforce Indoor Environment Special Populations at Risk Research Tools and Cancer Research Methods Approaches Control Technology and PPE Exposure Assessment Methods Risk Assessment Methods It is understood that while there are many other area's of research that may still have importance, under NORA these will be some of the areas receiving the majority of research attention at this time. The second goal is to "develop a system of surveillance of major occupational illnesses, injuries, exposures and health hazards". Congress decided in 1986 that the ability to identify, quantify and report work-related injury and disease is vital to prevention. To make optimal use of public resources to conduct this surveillance NIOSH has created partnerships at Federal, State and Local levels throughout the country. An example of this type of surveillance is the FACE program or Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation. In this program partnerships formed with state Health Departments allow NIOSH to

Sample of Essay About the Incarceration Systems and Societies

Sample of Essay About the Incarceration Systems and SocietiesA sample of the essay about the incarceration systems and societies that society has to offer can help to enlighten the academic community with regards to the current state of society. A majority of the academic community has come to embrace the term 'global' and is becoming more global in their outlooks. The world's population is increasing at a rapid rate and people in other countries are migrating to places such as the United States of America. There is a large demographic shift taking place with regards to the country that produces, consumes and stores the world's resources.The incarceration systems and societies that exist in the United States of America provide some proof that the planet will always be in need of capital and labor. In many cases, the people incarcerated are considered to be some of the most privileged of the individuals that have been locked up. Individuals are arrested, convicted and incarcerated for things such as drugs, smoking marijuana, drugs and petty theft.The incarceration system, more commonly known as the prison system has been around for centuries. In the past, these individuals were used for labor, but now we see that the role of prison has changed. These individuals are primarily there because they can afford it. It is also impossible to escape the reality that there is a minimum wage of ten dollars an hour in most places and if you are charged with a crime, it is likely that you will lose your job.A good example of the demographics of the incarceration system would be the prison system in South Africa. While the country has been famous for its treatment of prisoners, this does not mean that the number of inmates has stayed the same. In fact, while the number of prisoners has declined in recent years, the statistics show that the prison population in South Africa has actually increased.The prison in South Africa has grown to accommodate an increasing number of citiz ens that are considered to be criminals. People who have committed crimes are more often than not released back into society under harsher conditions than if they had remained in prison. A sample of the essay about the incarceration systems and societies that society has to offer can help to educate students on how serious the problem of over-incarceration has become.The incarceration system in the United States is one of the largest in the world. The largest prison system in the world is located in the state of California. As this population continues to increase, the problems of the imprisonment system cannot be ignored any longer. To fight against over-incarceration, researchers have concluded that it is important to include this topic in the curriculum for education.This particular topic should be taught in the history class because the demographics of the prison population and the number of inmates have been growing at a very rapid rate. In the last thirty years, the numbers of individuals living in prisons has tripled and that number is expected to continue to increase. If this trend continues, it is a matter of time before the world becomes completely safe. The incarceration system, in general, must be reformed and in order to do so, people must begin to understand what is involved in the prison system.

Health Benefits of Garlic Essay Example

Health Benefits of Garlic Essay Example Health Benefits of Garlic Paper Health Benefits of Garlic Paper In the more recent past, garlics main claim has been as a cholesterol buster (Mohammad et al. p. 4). Larry King promotes it on the radio, while colorful bottles of supplements proclaim their cardio cures from drugstore shelves: Clinically proven to lower cholesterol. Promotes healthy circulation Supports a healthy cardiovascular system. Each assertion is a promising lure for the 60 million Americans with heart diseaseand together these claims have helped make garlic one of the best-selling herbal supplements in the United States. In 2000, American consumers spent more than $61 million on the stuff. Garlics Power As a Cold-Buster: It is found from the study that the long-held belief that garlic is an effective remedy for the common cold. In the study, 146 people received either a garlic supplement or a placebo. Over a 12-week period during cold season, participants kept a diary in which they recorded cold symptoms. At the end of the study, the garlic group was way ahead, reporting 24 colds as compared to the placebo groups 65 colds. As a bonus, the garlic groups symptoms were shorter in duration (Blumenthal, p. 6). As an Artery-Saver: A great deal of garlic research has focused on the prevention of heart disease. In a study of 152 people with arteriosclerosis, researchers found that high doses of garlic powder significantly reduced the build-up of arterial plaque, a primary cause of cardiovascular problems such as high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. During the 48 months of the study, researchers noted that lone-term garlic use even reduced existing arterial plaque slightly. As a Heart-Helper: Garlic has been shown to help maintain the elasticity of the aorta the main artery of the body that extends from the heart. Stiffening of the aorta occurs as a result of aging or high blood pressure and is a primary risk factor in cardiovascular disease. In comparing adults aged 50-80 who took 300mg or more of standardized garlic powder daily for at least two years to a control group, rest-archers found that aortic stiffening was significantly reduced in those taking garlic. The garlic powder used in the study was standardized for allicin, a sulfur compound that converts to allicin, long considered a primary active ingredient in garlic (Tattelman p. 103). Studies show garlic may reduce the risk of having a heart attack or stroke. Where does garlic get its clot-busting powers? Recently, scientists identified a substance in the herb called Ajoene that lubricates platelets in the blood. The more slippery platelets become, the less likely they are to clump together and form a clot, the first step to a heart attack or stroke. While early evidence continues to support garlics reputation as a blood thinner, more research is needed before experts can draw firm conclusions about the herbs role in preventing heart attack and stroke. Numerous heart-related studies have been conducted on a specific form of garlic - aged garlic extract (AGE). It undergoes an aging process that converts the odor-causing components of garlic into mild compounds that proponents claim are more stable than those found in raw or powdered garlic. Studies indicate that AGE, lowers cholesterol, reduces blood pressure and inhibits the formation of arterial plaque (Blumenthal et al. p. 23). As a Homocysteine-Reducer: In a research it was found to lower homocysteine levels, blood markers of inflammation that are considered major risk factors for heart disease. As an Antibiotic Alternative: One study found that garlic juice exhibited antibacterial activity against several germs, including certain antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Another mouse study revealed that garlic extract helped inhibit a strain of staph infection. As an Antifungal Therapy: garlic is helpful for fungal infections, particularly yeast infections and athletes foot. For yeast infections, it is recommended to eat 1-2 garlic cloves daily, crushed and taken with water or mixed into food. If one has athletes foot, tub  ½ cloves on the affected area two to three times daily. If one does not like raw cloves, then one should try capsules, gel caps or extracts (Brown, p. 51). As an Antidiabetic Agent: Research has shown that garlic is very effective as an antidiabetic agent (Eidi et al. p. 624). To Cure Warts and Corns: A study has shown that when lipid extract of garlic was applied on the feet with 1-2 corns twice a day then the patient recovered completely in just two days (Dehghani et al. p. 613).

The Social Contract and Its Impact on American Politics

The Social Contract and Its Impact on American Politics The term social contract refers to the idea that the state exists only to serve the will of the people, who are the source of all political power enjoyed by the state. The people can choose to give or withhold this power.  The idea of the social contract is one of the foundations of the American political system. Origin of the Term The term social contract can be found as far back as the writings of the 4th-5th century BCE Greek philosopher Plato. However, it was English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) who expanded on the idea when he wrote Leviathan,  his philosophical response to the English Civil War. In the book, he wrote that in early human history there was no government. Instead, those who were the strongest could take control and use their power over others at any time. His famous summation of life in nature (before government) is that it was nasty, brutish, and short. Hobbes theory was that in the past, the people mutually agreed to create a state, giving it only enough power to provide protection of their well-being. However, in Hobbes theory, once the power was given to the state, the people then relinquished any right to that power. In effect, the loss of rights was the price of the protection they sought. Rousseau and Locke The Swiss philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) each took the social contract theory one step further. In 1762, Rousseau wrote The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right, in which he explained that government is based on the idea of popular sovereignty. The essence of this idea is that the will of the people as a whole gives power and direction to the state. John Locke based many of his political writings on the idea of the social contract. He stressed the role of the individual and the idea that in a state of nature, people are essentially free. When Locke referred to the state of nature, he meant that people have a natural state of independence, and they should be free to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke argued that people are thus not royal subjects, but in order to secure their property rights, people willingly give over their right to a central authority to judge whether a person is going against the laws of nature and needed to be punished. The type of government is less important to Locke (except for absolute despotism): Monarchy, aristocracy, and republic are all acceptable forms of government as long as that government provides and protects the basic rights of life, liberty, and property to the people. Locke further argued that if a government no longer protects each individuals right, then revolution is not just a right but an obligation. Impact on the Founding Fathers The idea of the social contract had a huge impact on the American Founding Fathers, especially Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) and James Madison (1751–1836). The U.S. Constitution starts with the three words, We the people..., embodying this idea of popular sovereignty in the very beginning of this key document. Following from this principle, a government established by the free choice of its people is required to serve the people, who in the end have  sovereignty, or supreme power, to keep or overthrow that government. Jefferson and John Adams (1735–1826), often political rivals, agreed in principle but disagreed about whether a strong central government (Adams and the federalists) or a weak one (Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans) sufficed best for supporting the social contract. Social Contract for Everyone As with many philosophical ideas behind the political theory, the social contract has inspired various forms and interpretations and has been evoked by many different groups throughout American history. Revolutionary-era Americans favored social contract theory over the British Tory concepts of patriarchal government and looked to the social contract as support for the rebellion. During the antebellum and Civil War periods, social contract theory was used by all sides. Slaveholders used it to support states rights and succession, Whig party moderates upheld the social contract as a symbol of continuity in government, and abolitionists found support in Lockes theories of natural rights. More recently, historians also have linked social contract theories to pivotal social movements such as those for Native American rights, civil rights, immigration reform, and womens rights.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reading Dienstag, Joshua Foa. Between History and Nature: Social Contract Theory in Locke and the Founders. The Journal of Politics 58.4 (1996): 985–1009.Hulliung, Mark. The Social Contract in America: From the Revolution to the Present Age. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.  Lewis, H.D. Plato and the Social Contract. Mind 48.189 (1939): 78–81.  Riley, Patrick. Social Contract Theory and its Critics. Goldie, Mark and Robert Worker (eds.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 347–375.White, Stuart. Review Article: Social Rights and Social Contract- Political Theory and the New Welfare Politics. British Journal of Political Science 30.3 (2000): 507–32.

Three Main Concepts Of Leisure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Three Main Concepts Of Leisure - Essay Example The past experiences, leisure have been defined as the free time or something that one wants to do freely. Others define it as relaxing and spare time or time for doing nothing. The approach is different from the considered diverse because the definition of the term is not static but dynamic. Therefore, the first concept of the leisure is defined as time. In this definition, leisure is defined as the time that allows an individual to have greater freedom. For instance, if the work schedules offer time off, the time that one has to do his own stuff can be considered leisure. However, the definition of free time is challenging based on the concept of free. Freedom is a factor that is defined by the culture and the nature of the society. For working class, it may be considered as the off time given by the company or the organization. However, the case becomes complex if looking at the retired persons because the definition changes completely because the available time increases thus mak ing the situation complex when looking at leisure as a time-based subject. Leisure can also be defined as the activity which is considered as leisurely. The Greek definition of leisure is a serious activity without pressure. It means that the activity is not done as a compulsory subject but is defined done by one’s personal appeal. While addressing the challenge of leisure as an activity, it is evident that all the activities done cannot be classified as leisure with some considering playing softball as leisure. While activity as leisure offers an absurd ideology, others consider leisure as the stat of existence or mind which can be addressed differently and handled based on the mood contemplation. The difference of ideologies are different but do not address the challenge of definition differences. The challenge of the word is the diverse nature of the activities and states associated leisure.

CIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS - Essay Example The practical case problem presented is that of a software corporation called Virtusa which released a software program application for its client. In this case scenario, the Phase Forward circumstance use of the software failed within a few days and the program subsequently did not work according to the end user (clients) requirements expectations of the software. The software program had to undergo some additional inspection as the resultant outcome of the failure through delivering the entire requirements and expectations analysis of the software program end user. 5. A sort key defines the sort order for one or more components related to a specific field; the field would make a good candidate for a sort key because it is can be used to categorize order student information in the database according to registration numbers. Tchier, Fairouz, Latifa Ben Arfa Rabai, and Ali Mili. "Putting engineering into software engineering: Upholding software engineering principles in the classroom."  Computers in Human Behavior  48 (2015):

Codependency in Samuel Becketts Endgame Essay example -- Beckett Endg

Codependency in Samuel Beckett's Endgame "Clov asks, "What is there to keep us here?" Hamm answers, "The dialogue."" In the play Endgame, Samuel Beckett demonstrates dramatically the idea of codependency between the two focal characters who rely on each other to fulfill their own physical and psychological needs. Beckett accomplishes this through Hamm, who assumes the identity of a kingly figure, and his relationship with Clov, who acts as his subject. In Endgame, this idea is established by tone and humor in the dialogue amid Hamm and Clov. Samuel Beckett was an Irish-born poet, novelist, and foremost dramatist of the theater of the absurd. His surreal writings mixed humor into a world paralyzed and grief stricken with pain and anguish. Beckett's characters grasp for a meaningful existence amongst an unrelenting and disorderly world, finally finding release only within the confines of their own minds. The play Endgame is the story of a few survivors after some unknown apocalypse on Earth. Hamm, a blind man who lives in a small bare room with two windows, shutoff from the rest of the dead outside world, is accompanied by two legless parents, Nagg and Nell, who live in two dustbins. The remaining character is Clov, who acts as an enslaved son of Ham[HAC1]m, who answers to his beckon call and grants his requests. At the end of the play his parents have apparently died, and he has given up the struggle or reason to live on. It is now that Clov is on the verge of escape to leave his life of submission to Hamm, but to where? For there is nothing but a vast void of emptiness. Samuel Beckett was born on April 13, 1906, in Foxrock, near Dublin. As a child he was raised in a religiously oriented, Protestant, mid... ...down the lids of Hamm's parent's dustbins as well, Hamm being prone to exercising his direct power over him: "Bottle him!" he cries out (10). Finally, the relationship between Hamm and Clov can be aggregated in the theme of this codependent nature that each fulfills for one another. This is relevant to today's society in that it examines the basic underlying structural dependence of a monarchical or dictatorship type form of government, of the needs and duties of a King or leader with his subjects. In this way, the King would provide protection and leadership for his subjects, while they would owe homage in the form of taxes and loyalty in allegiance to him. Similarly in the play, Hamm provides the protection from the starvation and desolation of the outside world beyond his store, and Clov repays this buy waiting on Hamm's requests, however reluctantly.