Imagery of Disease in Hamlet by William Shakespeare Essay

Imagery of Disease in Hamlet by William Shakespeare The disease imagery in Hamlet serves to constantly remind the reader of the initial problem in the play: King Hamlets poisoning by his brother. After hearing his father graphically describe the murder, it is constantly on Hamlets mind. For this reason, many of the images that Hamlet creates in the play are connected with disease and poison. The literal poisoning becomes symbolic of the rest of the events of the play. Remember that poisoning through the ear can be taken literally or figuratively (through speech and lies). Look at Poloniuss conversation with Ophelia about Hamlet, Claudius lies to Laertes and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. There are examples of decay imagery†¦show more content†¦Also, he said that it was questionable whether Ophelia took her own life, or accidentially fell in the water. I wanted to respond to Toms posting on Christian imagery in Hamlet. I thought he brought up some interesting points that I had overlooked in my reading. The idea of the Ghost of Hamlet as a parallel to the Holy Ghost is obvious to me. I agree with Tom in his description of what the Holy Ghost (spirit) is meant to be to us Christains. Along those same lines, the Ghost of Hamlet seems to have the same purpose in this play. He speaks to Hamlet without ever saying a word. He seems to guide him in his quest to revenge his death. Just as Christians are taught to feel the presence of the Holy Ghost, Hamlet feels the presence of his fathers Ghost. In the scene where he is argueing with Gertrude, Hamlet stops when he feels his fathers ghost. I believe he indeed felt his presence before he say him. There is no evidence in the text to support my claim, but it is just an interpretation I have. Another reference I like is our saviours birth is celebrated, (1672, line 140). This also to me shows how King Hamlet is often viewed as Christ-like. 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Tangible Non-Current Assets Free Essays

Q1. Use the information given below. What will be the total capitalized cost with respect to new business (Answer in $000)? (FIB)Land $6,000,000Inspection Officer $200,000Architecture Design $100,000Labour Wages $1,200,000Material Cost $2,500,000Administration Cost $400,000Property Tax $300,000Site Overheads $150,00037147528384500$ (2 marks) Q2. We will write a custom essay sample on Tangible Non-Current Assets or any similar topic only for you Order Now Siva Co took some loans from the bank at the start of the year 2010 which are as follows: 6% loan repayable in 2011 of $8m a 9% loan repayable in 2015 of $18m. A construction of a qualifying asset began on 5th April 2010 with the withdrawal of $3m of funds. On 12th August 2010, another $4m was withdrawn for the qualifying asset. What will be the capitalized borrowing cost at the end of the year 2010? (MCQ) $181,800$216,467$316,467$533,851(2 marks) Q3. Relay Co borrowed $60,000 to finance the construction of a shop. Construction will commence in two years’ time. The loan was taken on 1st January 2001 but the construction began on 1st March 2001. $13,000 of the loan was unused until 1st July 2001 and instead of keeping it idle Relay Co invested the amount with 3% return. The interest payable for the company is at 10% per annum. Calculate the cost to be capitalized for the year ended on December 2001? (MCQ)$4,800$4,870$5,130$6,000(2 marks) Q4. To operate a local locomotive the government has applied a restriction that in every two years the wheels of the locomotive has to be replaced. This replacement will cost $1.9 million. How should the replacement cost be treated? (MCQ)The cost should be taken into profit ; loss account when it is incurred The cost should be accrued over the two years ; accounted for the maintenance costThe cost should be provided in advance ; accounted for under the maintenance costCapitalize the cost ; depreciate it over the two years until next time(2 marks) Q5. Trivial Co has purchased an asset worth $375,000 on 1st January 2000 ; its useful life is stated at 20 years. A revaluation was taken place on 31st March 2002 where the assets worth increased to $390,000. What will be the total depreciation charged on the asset for the year ended 31st December 2002? (MCQ)$4,687$16,479$21,167$23,872(2 marks) Q6. Accenture Co has rented its office building to 3rd party on 30th June 2020. The company uses the fair valuation model for investment property. Buildings original cost valued at $500,000 on 1st January 2012 ; total life were 25 years. A fair value was obtained on the rented day which valued the building at $400,600. At the year-end of 2020, the fair value of the building was $850,000. What will be the revaluation gain/loss on 31st December 2020? (MCQ)$50,000 (Loss)$70,600 (Gain)$170,00 (Gain)$203,100 (Loss)(2 marks) Q7. Hexcentric inaugurated a plant on 1st July 2016. The plant was expected to run for four years until 30th June 2020. After the expected life the plant would be decommissioned and the land will be restored close to its original state. The cost of decommissioning was expected to be $6 million in four years. This estimate was calculated on 1st July 2016. To calculate the present value the company will use an 8% discount rate where the discount factor for year four is 0.735. Calculate the total charge for the cost to be taken into year-end 30th June 2017 profit ; loss account? (MCQ)$352,800$1,102,500$1,455,300$2,088,000(2 marks) Q8. The following statements relate to revaluation. (HA) The entire class of PPE has to be revalued whenever a single equipment in the respective class undergoes revaluation TRUE FALSEIf a revaluation model is used revaluation must be made regularly to ensure carrying amount has a material difference from the fair value TRUE FALSE(2 marks) Q9. Pang Co has purchased a property worth $7 million on 1st January 2013. The land valued at $3 million. The building total life was 20 years with no residual value. On 31st December 2015, the property was revalued to $9 million where the building valued at $5.184 million. The property was fully sold on 30th December 2017 for $6.5 million. Calculate the gain/loss on disposal which will be accounted for profit ; loss? (MCQ) $1,924,000 (Loss)$3,816,000 (Loss)$4,608,000 (Gain)$2,824,000 (Gain)(2 marks) Q10. Which of the following statements are correct in relation to government grants? (MRQ)A government grant is recognized in the profit ; loss over an assets useful lifeA repayment of a government grant received in previous years is a prior period adjustmentA marketing advice from the government does not constitute under the definition of government grantThe grant received for an asset must be excluded from the carrying amount of the asset (2 marks) Q11. A company has inaugurated a new plant with the help of a government grant of $20,000. The life of the plant is five years. Other than granting the installed equipment in the plant cost $90,000. All equipment is depreciated at 20% per annum on a straight-line basis. Calculate the value of government grant taken into Year 1 current liability using deferred income method? (MCQ)$4,000$16,000$18,000$20,000(2 marks) Q12. A company issued loan notes for $200,000 on 1st January 2008. On the same day, the company used the money to buy an investment property. At the year-end, the fair value of the property had risen to $400,000 with a remaining life of ten years. The company uses the fair value model for all properties. Which of the values will be accounted in the year’s profit ; loss account? (MCQ)Gain $200,000, Depreciation $40,000Gain $0, Depreciation $40,000Gain $200,000, Depreciation $0Gain $200,000, Depreciation $20,000(2 marks) Q13. Zima Co took some loans from the bank at the start of the year 2015 which are as follows: 9% loan repayable in 2016 of $11m ; a 13% loan repayable in 2020 of $29m. A construction of a qualifying asset began on 5th April 2015 with the withdrawal of $8m of funds. On 12th August 2015, another $9m was withdrawn for the qualifying asset. What will be the capitalized borrowing cost at the end of the year 2015? (MCQ) $267,750$446,250$714,000$1,160,250(2 marks) Q14. Olay Co borrowed $25,000 to finance the construction of a plant. Construction will commence in two years’ time. The loan was taken on 1st January 2013 but the construction began on 1st March 2013. $6,000 of the loan was unused until 1st July 2013 and instead of keeping it idle Olay Co invested the amount with 7% return. The interest payable for the company is at 15% per annum. Calculate the cost to be capitalized for the year ended on December 2013? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q15. Plato Co has purchased an asset worth $258,990 on 1st January 2008 ; its useful life is stated at twenty years. A revaluation was taken place on 31st March 2010 where the assets worth increased to $310,000. What will be the total depreciation charged on the asset for the year ended 31st December 2010 nearest to $000? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q16. Ventura Co has rented one its properties to a 3rd party on 30th June 2010. The company uses the fair valuation model as an investment property. Property’s original cost valued at $800,800 on 1st January 2002 ; total life was 50 years. A fair value was obtained on the rented day which valued the building at $750,500. At the year-end of 2010, the fair value of the building was $1,150,000. What will be the revaluation gain at 31st December 2010? (FIB)3613151270000$ (2 marks) Q17. Boric Co opened a machine on 1st July 2006. The plant was expected to run for four years until 30th June 2010. After the expected life the machine would be decommissioned and the area will be restored nearest to its original state. The cost of decommissioning was expected to be $3.3 million in four years. This estimate was calculated on 1st July 2006. To calculate the present value the company will use a 12% discount rate. Calculate the total charge for the cost to be taken into year-end 30th June 2007 profit ; loss account? (MCQ)$251,856$272,844$524,700$776,556(2 marks) Q18. Bing Co has purchased a land ; building worth $12 million on 1st January 2005. The land valued at $4 million. The buildings total life was ten years with no residual value. On 31st December 2007, the land ; building were revalued to $16 million where the land valued at $6.75 million. The land ; building was fully sold by 30th December 2009 for $10.5 million. Calculate the gain/loss on disposal? (MCQ) $4,472,000 (Loss)$1,600,000 (Loss)$1,028,000 (Gain)$5,600,000 (Gain)(2 marks) Q19. Jazzy Co has opened a new factory with the help of a government grant of $580,600. The life of the plant is fifteen years. Other than granting the installed equipment in the plant cost $20,400. All equipment is depreciated at 25% per annum on reducing balance basis. Calculate the value of government grant taken into Year 1 current liability using deferred income method? (MCQ)$15,300$20,400$145,150$150,250(2 marks) TANGIBLE NON-CURRENT ASSETS (ANSWERS) Q1. $10,150 Capitalized Cost = 6,000 + 200 + 100 + 1,200 + 2,500 + 150 = $10,150 Q2. CInterest = (8 Ãâ€" 6%) = 0.48 + (18 Ãâ€" 9%) = 1.62 = 2.1(2.1 à · 26) Ãâ€" 100 = 8.08%3,000,000 Ãâ€" 8.08% Ãâ€" 9/12 = 181,8004,000,000 Ãâ€" 8.08% Ãâ€" 5/12 = 134,667Total = 181,800 + 134,667 = $316,467 Q3. B60,000 Ãâ€" 10% Ãâ€" 10/12 = 5,00013,000 Ãâ€" 3% Ãâ€" 4/12 = (130)Total = 5,000 – 130 = $4,870 Q4. DThis is known as overhauling where maintenance, inspection or any repair is required. It is capitalized in the asset ; depreciated over its useful life in this case the life of wheels. Q5. CDepreciation till 31st March = (375,000 à · 20) = 18,750 Ãâ€" 3/12 = $4,687Years = 20 – 2.25 = 17.75 remainingDepreciation till 31st December = (390,000 à · 17.75) = 21,972 Ãâ€" 9/12 = $16,479Total = 4,687 + 16,479 = $21,167 Q6. BDepreciation = (500,000 à · 25) Ãâ€" 8.5 = 170,000Cost – Depreciation = 500,000 – 170,000 = 330,000Revaluation Gain = 400,600 – 330,000 = 70,600 Q7. CDepreciation = 6,000,000 Ãâ€" 0.735 = 4,410,000 à · 4 = 1,102,500 Finance Cost = 4,410,000 Ãâ€" 8% = 352,800Total = 1,102,500 + 352,800 = $1,455,300 Q8.The entire class of PPE has to be revalued whenever a single equipment in the respective class undergoes revaluation TRUE If a revaluation model is used revaluation must be made regularly to ensure carrying amount has a material difference from the fair value FALSEThe difference between carrying amount ; the fair value should be immaterial when applying revaluation model. Q9. AWorkings are done in $000.Depreciation (Building) = (4,000 à · 20) Ãâ€" 2 = 400Cost = 7,000 – 400 = 6,600 Revalued to 9,000 with gain of 2,400Depreciation (Building) = (5,184 à · 18) Ãâ€" 2 = 576Building value = 5,184 – 576 = 4,608Property value = (4,608 Building) + (3,816 Land) = 8,424Loss on disposal = 8,424 – 6,500 = 1,924 Q10.A government grant is recognized in the profit ; loss over an assets useful life (Correct)A repayment of a government grant received in previous years is a prior period adjustment; all adjustments are to be dealt prospectively A marketing advice from the government does not constitute under the definition of government grant (Correct)The grant received for an asset must be excluded from the carrying amount of the asset; a deferred income method can be used also Q11. AThe deferred income method:Year 0Equipment Dr. (90+20) $110,000Bank Cr $90,000Government Grant Cr $20,000Year 1Depreciation for equipment = 110,000 Ãâ€" 20% = $22,000Government Grant = 20,000 Ãâ€" 20% = $4,000 (Current Liability) Q12. CThe gain of $200,000 will be recorded as in fair value model no depreciation is charged. Q13.Interest = (11 Ãâ€" 9%) = 0.99 + (29 Ãâ€" 13%) = 3.77 = 4.76(4.76 à · 40) Ãâ€" 100 = 11.9%8,000,000 Ãâ€" 11.9% Ãâ€" 9/12 = 714,0009,000,000 Ãâ€" 11.9% Ãâ€" 5/12 = 446,250Total = 714,000 + 446,250 = $1,160,250Q14. $2,98525,000 Ãâ€" 15% Ãâ€" 10/12 = 3,1256,000 Ãâ€" 7% Ãâ€" 4/12 = (140)Total = 3,125 – 140 = $2,985 Q15. $16,300Depreciation till 31st March = (258,990 à · 20) = 12,950 Ãâ€" 3/12 = $3,238Years = 20 – 2.25 = 17.75 remainingDepreciation till 31st December = (310,000 à · 17.75) = 17,465 Ãâ€" 9/12 = $13,099Total = 3,238 + 13,099 = $16,337Nearest to $000 = $16,300 Q16. $85,836Depreciation = (800,800 à · 50) Ãâ€" 8.5 = 136,136Cost – Depreciation = 800,800 – 136,136 = 664,664Revaluation Gain = 750,500 – 664,664 = $85,836 Q17. DDepreciation = 3,300,000 Ãâ€" 0.636 = 2,098,800 à · 4 = 524,700 Finance Cost = 2,098,800 Ãâ€" 12% = 251,856Total = 524,700 + 251,856 = $776,556 Q18. AWorkings are done in $000.Depreciation (Building) = (8,000 à · 10) Ãâ€" 2 = 1,600Cost = 12,000 – 1,600 = 10,400 Revalued to 16,000 with gain of 5,600Depreciation (Building) = (9,250 à · 18) Ãâ€" 2 = 1,028Building value = 9,250 – 1,028 = 8,222Land ; Building value = (8,222 Building) + (6,750 Land) = 14,972Loss on disposal = 14,972 – 10,500 = 4,472 Q19. CThe deferred income method:Year 0Equipment Dr. (580,600 + 20,400) $601,000Bank Cr $20,400Government Grant Cr $580,600Year 1Depreciation for equipment = 601,000 Ãâ€" 25% = $150,250Government Grant = 580,600 Ãâ€" 25% = $145,150 (Current Liability) How to cite Tangible Non-Current Assets, Papers

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example For Students

Interpersonal Communication Essay Different types of communication happen together or simultaneously. For example, you may read a memo (written) to a person in a meeting (interpersonal) while you are sitting in a chair, grimacing (nonverbal). However, by recognizing the modes in which you are communicating, you are better able to choose strategies to communicate more effectively. For instance, lets take the scenario that I just described. Perhaps I am unhappy about the memo, but I do not want the others in the meeting to realize that I am not pleased. By paying attention to my nonverbal communication, I can adjust my unwanted nonverbal communication and more effectively send my message to the others in the room. Finally, I will provide examples of communicative and non-communicative events based on my definition. Interpersonal communication, in my opinion, is the exchange of information verbal or non-verbal between two, no more than 5 or 6, people for the purpose of getting a feedback and sharing information. Interpersonal communication is not interpersonal if it involves too many people. When the number of people exceeds a certain amount it is no longer interpersonal communication,it then becomes mass communication. In my definition it is vital that feed-back be given to the person that is doing the communicating. When feedback is not present then the lines of communication break down and then there is no communication at all. Even if the message is perceived wrong interpersonal communication still exists as long as the feedback is given. For example: when you talk to someone that is hard of hearing and you ask them to do something and they hear you say something other than what you said there is still interpersonal communication, although it is miscommunication. If the person, however, does not here the speaker at all and does not give any feedback, then interpersonal communication has not been established according to my definition. Another important dimension to my definition is that the information is exchanged in order to share the information. When the information that is exchanged is not used to share the information, then interpersonal communication has not taken place. If you speak in a way in which the person does not feel receptive to what you are saying then you have not achieved interpersonal communication. When a boss yells at his employees, or a teacher yells at his or her students then interpersonal communication has not taken place. True communication has taken place, but it was not interpersonal communication. The information is not being shared it is being forced upon people. The information has to be shared such as when a friend tells another friend about a problem that he or she is having or when a child talks to his or her parents about something personal. That information is being shared by two people in order to illicit a feedback. There are many important issues that become important when discussing my definition of interpersonal communication. One primary assumption is that communication must be carried on by people that are alive. Michael Cody uses an assumption like this when he is discussing his definition of interpersonal communication. Codys assumption says that interpersonal communication occurs between people who are in a state of being. His state of being is different form mine in that I mainly imply that the person must be alive in order to establish interpersonal communication. In Cody assumption his state of being is three pronged including, 1) people change, 2) people are searching for meaning for development and 3) it implies that communication can never be replicated (Cody 30). When Cody talks about being he is going into more detail than I would. As stated earlier my state of being means just being alive. Another important issue that needs to be brought up when discussing my definition of interpersonal communication is the issue of the number of people. When dealing with the issue of interpersonal communication the amount of people being communicated with is of utmost importance. Can a preacher have interpersonal communication with his congregation on Sunday morning?. According to my definition he cannot. Interpersonal communication must be done when there is a certain amount of people. The Sounds of the Unknown Essay For example, being fearful or anxious when communicating with the boss or with strangers but not with friends (McCroskey Richmond, 1987). Situational CA depends upon changes in the environment in which communication takes place. Causes of Communication Apprehension Causes of Traitlike CA. When we consider the aetiology of human behaviour generally two primary explanations are hereditary and the environment. .

NIOSH Essays - National Institute For Occupational Safety And Health

NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety an Health Administration (OSHA) were established by the Occupational Safety and Health Act passed by congress in 1970. NIOSH is a part of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and is the only federally funded and controlled division responsible for conducting research and making recommendations for the prevention of work related illnesses and injuries. It is important to understand the OSHA and NIOSH are two separate agencies. OSHA is housed under the Department of Labor and is responsible for the development and enforcement of workplace health and safety regulations. NIOSH on the other hand is in the Department of Health and Human Services and is a research agency. NIOSH was created when the US Secretary of Labor was directed by congress through section 2B (5,6) of the OSH Act to "provide for research in the field of occupational safety and health, including the psychological involved, and by developing innovative methods, techniques, and approaches for dealing with occupational safety and health problems: by exploring ways to discover latent diseases, establishing causal connections between diseases and work and environmental conditions, and conducting other research relating to health problems, in recognition of the fact that occupational health standards present problems often different from those involved in occupational safety". During its 25 year history NIOSH has had its function revised two times, once in 1977 by amendment to the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act and in 1995 when the U.S. Bureau of Mine Health and Safety Research was consolidated and placed in NIOSH. These changes allowed NIOSH to play the same role in the mining industry that they played in all others. The duties and responsibilities of NIOSH are numerous but include: ? Investigating potentially hazardous working conditions as reported by employees or employers. ? Evaluate the hazards of new technologies and work practices. ? Researching, Creating and Evaluating methods for preventing disease, illness or injury in the workplace. ? Providing education and training to individuals preparing for or actively involved in the field of occupational safety and health. ? Recommend occupational safety and health standards to OSHA. Many of the efforts of NIOSH are targeted at anticipating workplace crisis and making sure that they do not come to pass. An example of one of these efforts is the many mine disaster that have been prevented as a result of the pillar system developed by NIOSH for longwall mining. Another example is the many health emergencies that have been avoided as a result of the NIOSH information hotline. As a federal agency NIOSH has given itself both a vision and a mission statement. It's vision is "Delivering on the Nations promise: safety and health at work for all people through research and prevention". The mission of NIOSH is to "provide national and world leadership to prevent work-related illness, injury and death by gathering information, conducting scientific studies and translating the knowledge gained into products and services". NIOSH has given itself four strategic goals for the next decade. The first goal is to "conduct a targeted program of research to reduce morbidity, injuries and mortality among workers in high priority areas and high-risk sectors". In order to accomplish goal number one NIOSH will follow NORA or the National Occupational Research Agenda. NORA breaks NIOSH research down into 3 distinct areas, disease and injury, work environment/workforce and research tools and approaches. Each of the three areas has specific areas of research that will be targeted. The following is a brief list of the targeted research areas: Disease and Injury Allergic and Irritant Dermatitis Hearing Loss Low Back Disorders Cumulative Trauma Disorders Work Environment Emerging Technologies And Workforce Indoor Environment Special Populations at Risk Research Tools and Cancer Research Methods Approaches Control Technology and PPE Exposure Assessment Methods Risk Assessment Methods It is understood that while there are many other area's of research that may still have importance, under NORA these will be some of the areas receiving the majority of research attention at this time. The second goal is to "develop a system of surveillance of major occupational illnesses, injuries, exposures and health hazards". Congress decided in 1986 that the ability to identify, quantify and report work-related injury and disease is vital to prevention. To make optimal use of public resources to conduct this surveillance NIOSH has created partnerships at Federal, State and Local levels throughout the country. An example of this type of surveillance is the FACE program or Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation. In this program partnerships formed with state Health Departments allow NIOSH to

Sample of Essay About the Incarceration Systems and Societies

Sample of Essay About the Incarceration Systems and SocietiesA sample of the essay about the incarceration systems and societies that society has to offer can help to enlighten the academic community with regards to the current state of society. A majority of the academic community has come to embrace the term 'global' and is becoming more global in their outlooks. The world's population is increasing at a rapid rate and people in other countries are migrating to places such as the United States of America. There is a large demographic shift taking place with regards to the country that produces, consumes and stores the world's resources.The incarceration systems and societies that exist in the United States of America provide some proof that the planet will always be in need of capital and labor. In many cases, the people incarcerated are considered to be some of the most privileged of the individuals that have been locked up. Individuals are arrested, convicted and incarcerated for things such as drugs, smoking marijuana, drugs and petty theft.The incarceration system, more commonly known as the prison system has been around for centuries. In the past, these individuals were used for labor, but now we see that the role of prison has changed. These individuals are primarily there because they can afford it. It is also impossible to escape the reality that there is a minimum wage of ten dollars an hour in most places and if you are charged with a crime, it is likely that you will lose your job.A good example of the demographics of the incarceration system would be the prison system in South Africa. While the country has been famous for its treatment of prisoners, this does not mean that the number of inmates has stayed the same. In fact, while the number of prisoners has declined in recent years, the statistics show that the prison population in South Africa has actually increased.The prison in South Africa has grown to accommodate an increasing number of citiz ens that are considered to be criminals. People who have committed crimes are more often than not released back into society under harsher conditions than if they had remained in prison. A sample of the essay about the incarceration systems and societies that society has to offer can help to educate students on how serious the problem of over-incarceration has become.The incarceration system in the United States is one of the largest in the world. The largest prison system in the world is located in the state of California. As this population continues to increase, the problems of the imprisonment system cannot be ignored any longer. To fight against over-incarceration, researchers have concluded that it is important to include this topic in the curriculum for education.This particular topic should be taught in the history class because the demographics of the prison population and the number of inmates have been growing at a very rapid rate. In the last thirty years, the numbers of individuals living in prisons has tripled and that number is expected to continue to increase. If this trend continues, it is a matter of time before the world becomes completely safe. The incarceration system, in general, must be reformed and in order to do so, people must begin to understand what is involved in the prison system.

Health Benefits of Garlic Essay Example

Health Benefits of Garlic Essay Example Health Benefits of Garlic Paper Health Benefits of Garlic Paper In the more recent past, garlics main claim has been as a cholesterol buster (Mohammad et al. p. 4). Larry King promotes it on the radio, while colorful bottles of supplements proclaim their cardio cures from drugstore shelves: Clinically proven to lower cholesterol. Promotes healthy circulation Supports a healthy cardiovascular system. Each assertion is a promising lure for the 60 million Americans with heart diseaseand together these claims have helped make garlic one of the best-selling herbal supplements in the United States. In 2000, American consumers spent more than $61 million on the stuff. Garlics Power As a Cold-Buster: It is found from the study that the long-held belief that garlic is an effective remedy for the common cold. In the study, 146 people received either a garlic supplement or a placebo. Over a 12-week period during cold season, participants kept a diary in which they recorded cold symptoms. At the end of the study, the garlic group was way ahead, reporting 24 colds as compared to the placebo groups 65 colds. As a bonus, the garlic groups symptoms were shorter in duration (Blumenthal, p. 6). As an Artery-Saver: A great deal of garlic research has focused on the prevention of heart disease. In a study of 152 people with arteriosclerosis, researchers found that high doses of garlic powder significantly reduced the build-up of arterial plaque, a primary cause of cardiovascular problems such as high blood pressure, heart attacks and strokes. During the 48 months of the study, researchers noted that lone-term garlic use even reduced existing arterial plaque slightly. As a Heart-Helper: Garlic has been shown to help maintain the elasticity of the aorta the main artery of the body that extends from the heart. Stiffening of the aorta occurs as a result of aging or high blood pressure and is a primary risk factor in cardiovascular disease. In comparing adults aged 50-80 who took 300mg or more of standardized garlic powder daily for at least two years to a control group, rest-archers found that aortic stiffening was significantly reduced in those taking garlic. The garlic powder used in the study was standardized for allicin, a sulfur compound that converts to allicin, long considered a primary active ingredient in garlic (Tattelman p. 103). Studies show garlic may reduce the risk of having a heart attack or stroke. Where does garlic get its clot-busting powers? Recently, scientists identified a substance in the herb called Ajoene that lubricates platelets in the blood. The more slippery platelets become, the less likely they are to clump together and form a clot, the first step to a heart attack or stroke. While early evidence continues to support garlics reputation as a blood thinner, more research is needed before experts can draw firm conclusions about the herbs role in preventing heart attack and stroke. Numerous heart-related studies have been conducted on a specific form of garlic - aged garlic extract (AGE). It undergoes an aging process that converts the odor-causing components of garlic into mild compounds that proponents claim are more stable than those found in raw or powdered garlic. Studies indicate that AGE, lowers cholesterol, reduces blood pressure and inhibits the formation of arterial plaque (Blumenthal et al. p. 23). As a Homocysteine-Reducer: In a research it was found to lower homocysteine levels, blood markers of inflammation that are considered major risk factors for heart disease. As an Antibiotic Alternative: One study found that garlic juice exhibited antibacterial activity against several germs, including certain antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. Another mouse study revealed that garlic extract helped inhibit a strain of staph infection. As an Antifungal Therapy: garlic is helpful for fungal infections, particularly yeast infections and athletes foot. For yeast infections, it is recommended to eat 1-2 garlic cloves daily, crushed and taken with water or mixed into food. If one has athletes foot, tub  ½ cloves on the affected area two to three times daily. If one does not like raw cloves, then one should try capsules, gel caps or extracts (Brown, p. 51). As an Antidiabetic Agent: Research has shown that garlic is very effective as an antidiabetic agent (Eidi et al. p. 624). To Cure Warts and Corns: A study has shown that when lipid extract of garlic was applied on the feet with 1-2 corns twice a day then the patient recovered completely in just two days (Dehghani et al. p. 613).

The Social Contract and Its Impact on American Politics

The Social Contract and Its Impact on American Politics The term social contract refers to the idea that the state exists only to serve the will of the people, who are the source of all political power enjoyed by the state. The people can choose to give or withhold this power.  The idea of the social contract is one of the foundations of the American political system. Origin of the Term The term social contract can be found as far back as the writings of the 4th-5th century BCE Greek philosopher Plato. However, it was English philosopher Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) who expanded on the idea when he wrote Leviathan,  his philosophical response to the English Civil War. In the book, he wrote that in early human history there was no government. Instead, those who were the strongest could take control and use their power over others at any time. His famous summation of life in nature (before government) is that it was nasty, brutish, and short. Hobbes theory was that in the past, the people mutually agreed to create a state, giving it only enough power to provide protection of their well-being. However, in Hobbes theory, once the power was given to the state, the people then relinquished any right to that power. In effect, the loss of rights was the price of the protection they sought. Rousseau and Locke The Swiss philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) and English philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) each took the social contract theory one step further. In 1762, Rousseau wrote The Social Contract, Or Principles of Political Right, in which he explained that government is based on the idea of popular sovereignty. The essence of this idea is that the will of the people as a whole gives power and direction to the state. John Locke based many of his political writings on the idea of the social contract. He stressed the role of the individual and the idea that in a state of nature, people are essentially free. When Locke referred to the state of nature, he meant that people have a natural state of independence, and they should be free to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke argued that people are thus not royal subjects, but in order to secure their property rights, people willingly give over their right to a central authority to judge whether a person is going against the laws of nature and needed to be punished. The type of government is less important to Locke (except for absolute despotism): Monarchy, aristocracy, and republic are all acceptable forms of government as long as that government provides and protects the basic rights of life, liberty, and property to the people. Locke further argued that if a government no longer protects each individuals right, then revolution is not just a right but an obligation. Impact on the Founding Fathers The idea of the social contract had a huge impact on the American Founding Fathers, especially Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) and James Madison (1751–1836). The U.S. Constitution starts with the three words, We the people..., embodying this idea of popular sovereignty in the very beginning of this key document. Following from this principle, a government established by the free choice of its people is required to serve the people, who in the end have  sovereignty, or supreme power, to keep or overthrow that government. Jefferson and John Adams (1735–1826), often political rivals, agreed in principle but disagreed about whether a strong central government (Adams and the federalists) or a weak one (Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans) sufficed best for supporting the social contract. Social Contract for Everyone As with many philosophical ideas behind the political theory, the social contract has inspired various forms and interpretations and has been evoked by many different groups throughout American history. Revolutionary-era Americans favored social contract theory over the British Tory concepts of patriarchal government and looked to the social contract as support for the rebellion. During the antebellum and Civil War periods, social contract theory was used by all sides. Slaveholders used it to support states rights and succession, Whig party moderates upheld the social contract as a symbol of continuity in government, and abolitionists found support in Lockes theories of natural rights. More recently, historians also have linked social contract theories to pivotal social movements such as those for Native American rights, civil rights, immigration reform, and womens rights.  Ã‚   Sources and Further Reading Dienstag, Joshua Foa. Between History and Nature: Social Contract Theory in Locke and the Founders. The Journal of Politics 58.4 (1996): 985–1009.Hulliung, Mark. The Social Contract in America: From the Revolution to the Present Age. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007.  Lewis, H.D. Plato and the Social Contract. Mind 48.189 (1939): 78–81.  Riley, Patrick. Social Contract Theory and its Critics. Goldie, Mark and Robert Worker (eds.), The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought, Volume 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 347–375.White, Stuart. Review Article: Social Rights and Social Contract- Political Theory and the New Welfare Politics. British Journal of Political Science 30.3 (2000): 507–32.